A Literature Review: Diagnosis and Management of Tympanic Membrane Perforation

Abstract

Tympanic membrane perforation is a condition characterized by a rupture of the tympanic membrane, resulting in an abnormal connection between the external and middle ear. This condition is commonly caused by infections such as acute otitis media, direct trauma, barotrauma due to sudden pressure changes, or iatrogenic factors. Common symptoms include otalgia, otorrhea, tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing impairment. Although most cases heal spontaneously within a few weeks, some may progress to chronic conditions and lead to complications such as permanent hearing loss, chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, and mastoiditis. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the etiology, diagnosis, and management of tympanic membrane perforation using a literature review approach. Data were collected from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using relevant keywords and selected based on inclusion criteria to obtain high-quality and relevant articles. The findings indicate that infection and trauma are the primary causes of tympanic membrane perforation, with higher incidence in males and younger populations. Diagnosis is established through history taking, otoscopic examination, and supporting tests such as audiometry. Management includes conservative treatment such as observation, ear toilet, and topical antibiotics, as well as surgical intervention like tympanoplasty for non-healing cases. Early and appropriate management plays a crucial role in preventing complications and improving clinical outcomes.