The Relationship Between Ergonomic Risks and Musculoskeletal Disorder Complaints Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are common complaints among medical students, particularly during the clinical phase, which involves clinical activities and non-ergonomic working postures. These issues can impair musculoskeletal function, limit daily activities, and affect both academic and clinical participation. This study aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the association between ergonomic risks and MSDs among medical students in their clinical phase. This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with study quality assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. The prevalence of these complaints reached 74.4% in two of the studies, primarily affecting the lower back, neck, and shoulders. Repetitive movements, stooped postures, and the lifting of patients were associated with musculoskeletal complaints. Computer use for more than three hours a day was linked to a higher likelihood of neck pain (OR 1.96), whereas the application of ergonomic principles was associated with a lower likelihood of such complaints (OR 0.48). The number of clinical practice hours did not show a significant association, while stress was also reported as a contributing factor. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, the results were synthesized narratively. The findings indicate an association between ergonomic risks and MSDs; however, a causal relationship cannot be established, as all included studies utilized a cross-sectional design. From the perspective of medical rehabilitation, early screening, ergonomic education, activity modification, and physical exercise could be considered to support the students' functional capacity and participation. Limitations of the current evidence include the small number of studies, reliance on self-reported data, and a lack of research specifically focused on clinical clerkship students. Longitudinal studies are required to strengthen the evidence base and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.