Risk Factors of Allergic Rhinitis in Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v13i1.540Keywords:
Allergic rhinitis, Children, Risk factorAbstract
Allergic rhinitis is one of the global health problems that affect about 400 million people in the world with prevalence of 8.38% in children and 14.93% in adolescents, in Indonesia the incidence of allergic rhinitis reaches 38%. Allergic rhinitis is a clinical symptom that occurs when the nasal mucous membrane is exposed to an allergen and induces an immune system-mediated inflammatory response. Allergic rhinitis can be triggered by several factors, including individual and environmental factors that can lead to resensitization and disease progression. The main risk factor for allergic rhinitis is family history of atopy, especially history of allergic rhinitis in both parents. The presence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, exposure to vehicle acids, cigarettes and house dust, obesity can be factors that increase the risk of allergic rhinitis in children. These risk factors have their respective mechanisms in increasing the risk of allergic rhinitis and have different levels of risk. Other factors such as gender and age did not contribute to increasing the risk of allergic rhinitis in children.
References
García-almaraz R, Reyes-noriega N, Del-río-navarro BE, Berber A, I GANP. Prevalence and risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in Mexican school children : Global Asthma Network Phase I. 2021;(November 2020). doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100492
Pasaribu PS, Nurfarihah E, Handini M. Prevalensi dan Karakteristik Rinitis Alergi Anak 13-14 Tahun di Pontianak pada Maret 2016. CDK-252. 2017;44(5):333-336.
Small P, Keith PK, Kim H. Allergic rhinitis. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(s2):1-11. doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0280-7
Tong X, Tong H, Gao L, et al. A Multicenter Study of Prevalence and Risk Factors for Allergic Rhinitis in Primary School Children in 5 Cities of Hubei Province , China. Published online 2022:34-44. doi:10.1159/000517948
Alm B, Gokso E, Thengilsdottir H, Pettersson R, Mo P. Early protective and risk factors for allergic rhinitis at age 4½ years. 2018;22:398-404. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2018.01153.x
Kang X, Tu H, Tian T, et al. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Home environment and diseases in early life are associated with allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;118(17):47-52. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.12.015
Al-abri R, Al-amri AS, Al-dhahli Z, Varghese AM. Allergic Rhinitis in Relation to Food Allergies. Enviromental Req. 2018;18(February):30-33. doi:10.18295/squmj.2018.18.01.005
Mahrunnisa F, Sumadiono, Mulatsih S. Correlation Between Allergy History in Family and Allergy Manifestation in School-Age Children. Avicenna Med J. 2021;2(1):11-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.15408/avicenna.v2i1.19736
Nurhutami AD, Suprihati, Marliyawwati D, Dewi AMK. Faktor Risiko Rinitis Alergi pada Anak Usia 13-14 tahun di Semarang. Diponegoro Med J. 2020;9(2). http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/medico
Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource- limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;45(1):192-199. doi:10.1111/cea.12379.Prevalence
Ho CL, Wu WF. Risk factor analysis of allergic rhinitis in 6–8 year-old children in Taipei. PLoS One. 2021;16(4 April 2021):1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249572
Zaobi Y, Levi F, Eliashar R. Allergic Rhinitis : Pathophysiology and Treatment Focusing on. Biomedicines. 2022;10(2486):4-11.
Bjermer L, Westman M, Holmström M, Wickman MC. The complex pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis : scientific rationale for the development of an alternative treatment option. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol. Published online 2019:1-15. doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0314-1
Wetstman M, Kull I, Lind T, Melen E. The link between parental allergy and offspring allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2016;68(12):1571-1579. doi:https://doi: 10.1111/all.12267.
Leffler J, Stumbles PA, Strickland DH. Immunological Processes Driving IgE Sensitisation and Disease Development in Males and Females. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6):1554-1560. doi:10.3390/ijms19061554
Genuneit J, Strachan DP, Büchele G, et al. No Title. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;24(3):293-298. doi:10.1111/pai.12053
Wheatley LM, Togias A. Allergic Rhinitis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(5):456-463. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1412282.Allergic
Li J, Saito H, Inman MD, Cyr M, Denburg JA. Haemopoietic mechanisms in murine allergic upper and lower airway inflammation. Immunologr. 2015;114A2(114):386-396. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02109.x
Gómez RM, Croce VH, Zernotti ME, Muiño JC. Active smoking effect in allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J. 2021;14(2):100504. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100504
Brzozowska A, Woicka-Kolejwa K, Jerzynska J. Allergic Rhinitis and House Dust Mite Sensitization Determine Persistence of Asthma in Children. Indian J Pediatr. 2022;89(3):673-681. doi:doi.org/10.1007/s12098-021-04052-5
Zeng Q, Luo X, Han M, Liu W, L H. Leptin/Osteopontin Axis Regulated Type 2T Helper Cell Response in Allergic Rhinitis with Obesity. eBioMedicine. 2018;32(4):43-39. doi:doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.037
Restimulia L, Pawarti DR, Ekorini HM. The Relationship between Serum Vitamin D Levels with Allergic Rhinitis Incidence and Total Nasal Symptom Score in Allergic Rhinitis Patients. Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6(8):1405-1415. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.247
TIan HQi, Cheng L. The role of vitamin D in allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy. 2017;6(2):65-73. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2017.7.2.65
Fröhlich M, Pinart M, Keller T, Reich A, Cabieses B. Is there a sex-shift in prevalence of allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma from childhood to adulthood? A meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7(44):189-196. doi:10.1186/s13601-017-0176-5
Hong S-N, Won JY, Nam E-C, et al. Clinical Manifestations of Allergic Rhinitis by Age and Gender: A 12-Year Single-Center Study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020;129(9):910-917. doi:doi: 10.1177/0003489420921197.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Medical Profession Journal of Lampung
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
