An Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus Type I, a Genetic Mutation

Authors

  • Andra Nabila Fauziani Medical Faculty, Lampung University
  • Anggi Adelia Faculty of Medicine Lampung University
  • Okta Besti Ardika Faculty of Medicine Lampung University
  • Rani Himayani Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung
  • Soraya Rahmanisa Department of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v14i3.946

Keywords:

Type-1 DM, HbA1c, Management

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition with an increasing incidence worldwide. Not only does it occur in adults, but the incidence rate in children is also quite high. Type-1 DM is an autoimmune disease characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to pancreatic gland cell damage.  Although it can occur at any age, type-1 DM most commonly appears in adolescence with a peak onset around puberty. Diabetes mellitus is often caused by genetic factors and a person's lifestyle. Symptoms of Type 1 DM in children are the same as in adults: polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and nocturia, weight loss, and about a third suffer from diabetic ketoacidosis. Complications of diabetes can be divided into microvascular and macrovascular. Microvascular complications include nervous system damage (neuropathy), renal system damage (nephropathy) and eye damage (retinopathy), but can also affect cognitive function, heart and other organs. HbA1c screening is recommended every 3 to 6 months. HbA1c levels reflect glycemic control over the previous 2-3 months. The target HbA1c is generally <7.0%. Other laboratory tests include lipid profile, serum creatinine, eGFR, and urine albumin to creatinine ratio. Management of Type 1 DM includes insulin injection, blood sugar monitoring, nutrition, physical activity, and education. The goal of insulin therapy is to ensure that insulin levels in the body are sufficient for 24 hours to meet metabolic needs due to the glycemic effect of food.

Author Biography

Andra Nabila Fauziani, Medical Faculty, Lampung University

 

 

References

Pulungan A, Annisa D, Imada S. Diabetes Melitus Tipe-1 pada Anak: Situasi di Indonesia dan Tata Laksana. Sari Pediatri. 2019;20(6):392–400.

Ogurtsova K, Rocha F, Huang Y, Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Cho N, et al. Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128:40–50.

Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Registri DM tipe-1 pada anak. Jakarta: IDAI; 2018.

Saberzadeh A, Karamzadeh R, Basiri M, Hajizadeh S, Farhadi A, Shapiro A, et al. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology at A Glance. Cell J. 2018;20(3):294–301.

DiMeglio L, Evans M, Oram R. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2018;391(10138):2449–62.

Nurvita S. Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 1 Pada Anak di Indonesia. PREPOTIF: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2023;7(1).

Škrha J. ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2022 - whats new? . Vnitr Lek Summer. 2022;68(2):85–8.

Hope SV. Practical classification guidelines for diabetes in patients treated with insulin: a cross-sectional study of the accuracy of diabetes diagnosis. Br J Gen Pract. 2016;66:315–22.

Huo L, Shaw J, Wong E, Harding J, Peeters A, Magliano D. Burden of diabetes in Australia: life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in adults with diabetes. Diabetologia. 2016;59:1437–45.

Thomas N, Jones S, Weedon M, Shields B, Oram R, Hattersley A. Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:122–9.

Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Diabetes Melitus Tipe-1 pada Anak dan Remaja. Jakarta: Unit Kerja Koordinasi Endokrinologi; 2017.

Danne T, Phillip M, Buckingham B, Jarosz C, Saboo B, Urakami T. ISPAD Clinical Practice Concensus Guidelines: Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;115–35.

Silver B, Ramaiya K, Andrew S, Fredrick O, Bajaj S, Kalra S, et al. EADSG Guidelines: Insulin Therapy in Diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(2):449–92.

Putra W, Berawi K. Empat Pilar Penatalaksanaan Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2. Jurnal Majority. 2015;4(9):8–12.

Published

2024-02-12

How to Cite

Fauziani, A. N., Adelia, A., Ardika, O. B. ., Himayani, R., & Rahmanisa, S. (2024). An Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus Type I, a Genetic Mutation. Medical Profession Journal of Lampung, 14(3), 442-446. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v14i3.946

Issue

Section

Artikel

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 > >>