The Relationship between Parity, Pelvic Floor Muscle Weakness, and Menopause on Urinary Incontinence

Abstract

Urinary incontinence is a condition characterized by the involuntary leakage of urine. It has a significant impact on women’s quality of life, particularly among the elderly. This disorder not only causes physical discomfort but also affects psychological and social well-being, reducing self-confidence and restricting daily activities. Several key factors include parity, pelvic floor muscle weakness, and menopausal hormonal changes. A review of thirteen research articles shows that high parity, particularly multiple vaginal deliveries is strongly associated with an increased risk of urinary incontinence due to repeated trauma and stretching of pelvic floor muscles and supporting tissues of the urinary bladder. Weakness of the pelvic floor muscles give less support to the urethra and bladder, disrupting continence. Lower estrogen during menopause causes urogenital tissue atrophy, thinning of the urethral mucosa and weakens the urethral sphincter, which worsens symptoms. High parity, pelvic floor muscle weakness and hormonal changes in menopause interact through complex mechanical and hormonal mechanisms that increase the risk of developing urinary incontinence. Understanding these factors is crucial for creating effective prevention and management strategies to improve women’s quality of life. Therefore, continued research and public health awareness are essential to support early detection, timely intervention, and long-term improvement in women’s reproductive health outcomes.