Diabetes Mellitus Management : An Update

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that belongs to the group of metabolic diseases with signs of hyperglycemia as a result of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Indonesia ranks 7th in terms of the highest diabetes prevalence in the world. WHO reports that the number of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia increases from 8.4 million in 2000 to 21.3 million in 2030. In 2022 alone, the International Diabetes Federation noted that there were 537 million DM sufferers worldwide. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is a complex process and involves many factors. Generally, diabetes is grouped into several types, namely type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and other specific diabetes. If not managed properly, Diabetes mellitus will cause various complications. The most common is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness. Patients with diabetes mellitus can also be accompanied by hypertension. Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus are two diseases that have a very close relationship. Insulin is the only drug used for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients, but in addition it must also be accompanied by diet, exercise, and education arrangements, which are supported by independent monitoring, while Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is treated with metformin as the first line and non-pharmacological to lower blood glucose.